The European Union: Cross-National Variation in Public Support, 1993 :: European History Essays

The European Union: Cross-National Variation in Public Support, 1993 Introduction The European Union was established in 1951 with the adoption of the European Coal and Steel Community. Many of its early integrative policies were technical in nature and received little attention from the general public. Consequently, a permissive consensus developed allowing the elite to pursue the ideals established by the European Union (EU) (Eichenberg and Dalton 1993, Gabel and Palmer 1995, Gabel 1998). In time, integrative policies became increasingly aggressive in their scope and influence. With the adoption of the Single European Act in 1985 and the Maastricht Treaty in 1991, the EU began dealing forcefully with issues pertaining to monetary union, social policy, foreign policy, and constitutional reform. Public opinion became increasingly important as national governments began formulating policies based on decisions in Brussels, Strasbourg, and Luxembourg that affected domestic policies (Gabel 1998, Anderson and Kaltenthaler 1996, Anderson and Reichert 1996, Gabel and Palm er 1995, Eichenberg and Dalton 1993). European integration was still largely driven and advanced by the elite, but it could no longer progress without the support of the mass public (Eichenberg and Dalton 1993). In Ireland, France, and Denmark, national public referenda required the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. Ultimately public protests in France and Denmark on the Maastricht Treaty delayed and modified the institutional reform of the EU. In 1994, Norway voted in a national referendum to reject the EU altogether despite being granted admission. In 1995 parties in Sweden campaigning specifically against European integration recognized significant gains. Public opinion clearly influences policymaking in the EU. Furthermore, the literature illustrates that there is measurable cross-national variation in public support for the EU. It is necessary to understand what contributes to these differences in order to facilitate continuing integration. This paper expands on the existing literature explaining cross-national variances in support by examining economic rationality and political culture explanations. Economic Rationality For most of its history, the EU has existed purely as an economic block. Economic rationality posits that citizens seek to influence public policy by voting according to their economic interests regarding international economic policy (Katzenstein 1998). A large amount of existing literature suggests that economic rationality explanations are strong predictors of a country’s level of support for the EU. Specifically, the literature has tended to examine macro- and micro-economic, and direct and indirect economic explanations. Macroeconomic explanations focus on the national economic indicators of member states.

Renaissance Artists and Their Famous Contributions

Donated was a Renaissance artist born in Florence, Italy. He was famous for his artwork in bas relief, a type of shadow relief sculpture. * SST. Mark * Eocene I The Feast of Hero * David I * Equestrian Monument of Guatemala * Judith and Holiness I Poetically was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. He hailed from Florence, Italy. * Fortitude * Adoration of the Magi * The Birth of Venus I * Primeval * Costello Annunciation * SST.Augustine I *Venus and Mars * Mystical Nativity * Temptation of Christ I Dad Vinci was someone who was skilled and knowledgeable in many, many subjects, including science, mathematics, music, and most importantly, art. He was the epitome off Renaissance man if there never was one. * The Last Supper * Mona Lisa * Vitamins Man I * The Baptism of Christ * Annunciation * Lady with an Ermine I *Genera De' Bench * Adoration of the Magi * SST. Jerome in the Wilderness I Also known as Michelangelo, he was an Italian Renaissance artist. He is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, alongside Leonardo dad Vinci. Sistine Chapel ceiling * Creation of Adam * The Last Judgment Tendon * The Torment of Saint Anthony * The Conversion of Saul I Piety ¤ * Bacchus I I * Don't * David * Better known as Just Raphael, an Italian architect and painter of the High Renaissance. He was best known for the perfection and grace in his artwork. Raphael was considered a master, among Leonardo dad Vinci, and Michelangelo.. * School of Athens * The Transfiguration * The Marriage of the Virgin I Resurrection of Christ * Self-portrait * La belle Sardinia ©reel * Ezekiel Vision * The Sistine Madonna * Madonna and Child ITitian was known as an Italian painter, one of the most versatile. He was equally adept with landscape paintings, portraits, and mystical subjects. * Rape of Europe * Sacred and Profane Love * Pastoral Concert I of the Virgin * Christ Carrying the Cross * The Flaying of Martyrs I Prudence * The Worship of Ven us * Self-portrait * Assumption * Allegory of Udder was an important Northern Renaissance man from Germany. He was prominent in painting, printmaking, mathematics, engraving, and theory.. * Young Hare * Rhinoceros * Adam and Eve I * Praying Hands * Knight, Death and theDevil * Apocalypse I * Self-portrait * Melancholia * Adoration of the Trinity I El Greece was a Spanish Renaissance artist of Greek descent. He became a master in Post-Byzantine art before moving to Rome. In Italy, his style was embellished with components of Venetian Renaissance and Mannerism.. * The Disrobing of Christ (El Esposito) * Opening of the Fifth Seal * Direction of the Virgin I * The Burial of the Count of Organ * View of Toledo * The Adoration of the Shepherds I Christ Healing the Blind * The Entombment of Christ * Saint Martin and the Beggar I

Analysis Of An Eye Who Is The Whole World Go Blind

â€Å"An eye for an eye makes the whole world go blind.† - Ghandi. The story of Dawn reinforces this well-known quote by demonstrating the heavy silence of murder and it’s feeble justifications. A few years after the Holocaust, one of it’s victims, Elisha, is recruited from his home in Paris as a terrorist in the city of Palestine. In his short time there, he has participated in violent group retaliation against the British, yet has never been forced to kill individually- until now. This story documents the tale of a young boy’s struggle to come to term with the human’s ability to commit cruel acts, as well as his struggle to justify the ultimate act of cruelty: murder. Within it’s startling revelations of the human conscience, Dawn illuminates that the comforts of revenge are only temporary; murder terminates all answers. With this, the author, Elie Wiesel, is able crumble the foundations of terrorisms and the reasoning that hate can ever resolve hate in his first novel, called Dawn. Dawn takes place in Palestine, a place where the Jewish community wakes up to a red, vengeful sky. After surviving the Holocaust the main character, Elisha, has been recruited as a terrorist for the Freedom Movement. For Elisha, who is now without a family, the Freedom Movement represents a new dawn, an act of hope, and most importantly, a retaliation in the name of faith to secure what s rightfully his peoples. However, daybreak presents Elisha with a more tortured reality; he has beenShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of ‚Äà ºDo Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night‚Äà ¹1013 Words   |  5 PagesAn analysis of â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† This poem was written by Dylan Thomas who had been acknowledged as one of the most important Welsh poets of the 20th century. The poem is a son’s plea to his dying father. Thomas shows four different kinds of people in four stanzas – wise men, good men, wild men and grave men so as to encourage his father to fight against death rather than to accept in silence. The tone used in the poem is passionate and intense. â€Å"Rage, rage against the dyingRead MoreAnalysis of the Allegory of the Cave1077 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the Allegory of The Cave Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† presents a visualization of people who are slaves that have been chained in front of a fire their whole lives. These people observe the shadows of different things shown on the cave wall that is in front of them. The shadows are the only â€Å"reality† the slaves know. This is because they have never seen anything else to compare them to. Plato argues that there is a critical flaw in how people mistake their limited perceptions asRead MoreRaymond Carver with Cathedral and John Updike with AP979 Words   |  4 Pagessomehow change their view of the world, they have many more different aspects. The stories differ in atmosphere and the quantity of people involve in each story. The story â€Å"Cathedral† only took place in a family house with only the husband, wife who can be qualified as a static character tried to kill herself in the past, and finally the blind man. Unlike in the short story â€Å"AP† the event took place in a grocery store with Sammy, the three girls and finally the manager who is also a static characterRead More Analysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave Essay example995 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave Platos Allegory of the Cave presents a vision of humans as slaves chained in front of a fire observing the shadows of things on the cave wall in front of them. The shadows are the only reality the slaves know. Plato argues that there is a basic flaw in how we humans mistake our limited perceptions as reality, truth and goodness. The allegory reveals how that flaw affects our education, our spirituality and our politics. The flaw that PlatoRead MoreFreuds Interpretations of Uncanny Essay653 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"uncanny†, which is taken from German word â€Å"unheimlich†, literally meaning â€Å"un-home-like† – something unfamiliar and unknown, never experienced before. The problem is that the definition of the word and the linguistic peculiarities take half of the whole reading, so we get to the point after the second half. Freud then argues that the uncanny is a result of returned repressed infantile desires or beliefs. ‘The uncanny is something which is secretly familiar, which has undergone repression and thenRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Anthem For Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen937 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Anthem For Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen The first poem that I am to analyse is Anthem for Doomed Youth, written by Wilfred Owen. This poem is a sonnet. It has fourteen lines. In this poem, the first and fourth lines rhyme, as do the second and third. The first stanza is mainly about the battlefield, whereas the second stanza is more about the feelings of friends and family back at home. This poem starts off at a quick pace, and then slows down throughout Read MoreA Consideration of the Way Shakespeare Presents and Develops the Theme of Blindness in King Lear1563 Words   |  7 Pagesmetaphor for characters’ lack of insight, moral blindness, and a lack of perception into other’s needs and interests. Shakespeare illustrates the importance of seeing yourself and the world around you clearly. Shakespeare shows how seeing clearly is linked to an understanding of what the world is really like. As in many of Shakespeare’s plays, ‘King Lear’ is used to highlight the hypocrisy of social order, whether it is the royal court, the legal system, or simply the family Read MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Beckett s Waiting For Godot871 Words   |  4 Pagesof the play revolves around two main characters, Vladimir and Estragon, who wait in hope to meet someone or something named ‘Godot.’ While on the other hand, there is Pozzo and Lucky who appear venturing on the country road. Beckett uses the characters in Waiting for Godot to embody specific meanings to their relationships and how it may parallel to the world as people know it. Vladimir and Estragon are two hopeless men who are waiting for someone or something they call ‘Godot’ on a country roadRead MoreOedipus The King Character Analysis1429 Words   |  6 Pages Prabesh Adhikari Mrs. Long-Goldberg Honors World Lit/Comp 26 September, 2017 Ignorance Can Lead to Great Agony Plays were of great importance in early Greek culture. Plays were the main source of entertainment, and one of the most prominent examples is Oedipus the King written by Sophocles. The drama is uplifted by the character development and excellent structure Sophocles has put forward. Interactions between characters and each character’s motivations generate brilliant themes throughoutRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Oedipus The King1419 Words   |  6 PagesPrabesh Adhikari Mrs. Long-Goldberg Honors World Lit/Comp 26 September, 2017 Ignorance Can Lead to Great Agony Plays were of great importance in early Greek culture. Plays were the main source of entertainment, and one of the most prominent examples is Oedipus the King written by Sophocles. The drama is uplifted by the character development and excellent structure Sophocles has put forward. Interactions between characters and each character’s motivations generate brilliant themes throughout the

How Does Computer Processing Compare to Human Thinking Essay

How does Computer processing compare to Human thinking? Have you ever wondered how computers process information as opposed to how the human brain does so? Are they actually â€Å"thinking† like a human or are they just organizing data? Can computers learn or even learn on their own? As a human race, we have thousands upon thousands of questions that we wish we could ask computers! Computers in the 21st century are becoming more and more advanced and we wonder, will they ever take over humanity? Will they ever be able to function like humans? What about experience feelings? At this point we don’t know, but some day we might find out. The way computers process information, and the way humans think are completely different, as said, computers†¦show more content†¦It showed that people could program computers to learn, communicate, calculate data, and etc. all on their own. People felt both ways about the achievement. Some people were dumbfounded by the technology , others not so much. For example, in Baker’s article Watson Is Far From Elementary, he states, â€Å"Watson doesn’t â€Å"know† anything, experts say. It doesn’t laugh at jokes, cannot carry on a conversation, has no sense of self, and commits bloopers no human would consider. (Toronto, a U.S. city?) What’s more, it’s horribly inefficient, requiring a roomful of computers to match what we carry between our ears. And it probably would not have won without its inhuman speed on the buzzer.† What Baker is trying to say is that Watson cannot act like a real human. Watson has no sense of self, he cannot think, laugh at jokes, or carry a conversation. He [Watson] isn’t a human and shows no signs of human understanding. Stanley Fish states in his article that his computer has â€Å"†¦a program that directs it to finish words before I do by â€Å"consulting† a data base of words I have used that begin with the letters I ha ve already typed.† Fish is saying that without these programs or instructions, the computers would be nothing. They would serve no purpose to the human intelligence nor would they assist people in daily life as they do now. Watson was programmed to do one task and that’s what he excelled at, but on the other hand heShow MoreRelatedAdvanced Level Of Technology And The Human Brain999 Words   |  4 Pages   Essay 1 Assignment With todays advanced level of technology, we contemplate and entertain the thought of computers actually becoming intelligent through artificial intelligence and eventually out perform the human brain. The problem is not just a struggle between the human brain and the computer processing unit of a machine, but whether or not human engineering and programing is as good or better than mother nature and evolution is or will ever be. The race to develop artificial intelligence thatRead MoreArguments Against Physical Machines Jenna Beran1280 Words   |  6 Pagessubjectivity to argue that humans are not physical machines. Subjectivity is the opinions and feelings from experience that is unique to the individual. Intentionality describes how thought can be directed on a particular object. This is consciousness. These terms are what make human beings distinct from physical machines. Moreland argues that human beings are different from a physical machine because humans have a mind that use s intentionality and subjectivity. 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Essay on Socrates Is Not Guilty - 1909 Words

In the book, Plato Republic, Socrates had a discussion with Thrasymachus and Glaucon about justice and unjustice. In this essay, I shall argue that Plato’s solution of the temptation of the ring is successful in a few ways. I will describe Thrasymachus and Glaucon’s idea about justice, and how Socrates discuss with them in terms of the justice of the city, justice of individual soul, his theory of forms and the importance of the knowledge of the good, and the sun analogy and the allegory of the cave. While Socrates discuss with Glaucon about just and unjust, Glaucon told a story about the ring of the Gyges. The story is a about a man named Gyges, he was a shepherd in Lydia. One day there was earthquake, and it broke open the ground and†¦show more content†¦These are Galucon’s arguments about unjust is better than just. After Galucon expressed his opinion, he asked Socrates to keep argue the question about just and unjust. And Socrates thought it would be easier to find just if they look into larger things. So they decided to find out what sort of things justice is in cities. And Socrates began built up a city with Galucon. Socrates first introduced the principle of â€Å"how each person must perform the role for which he is naturally best suited and that he must not meddle in any other business†(Sparknotes). For example, farmer must only farm and carpenter must only build. In Socrates’ opinion, the just city will have craftsmen, farmer, and doctors. Each of them will do their own job produce whatever is necessary for the city’s needs and will not engaging in any other role, they are called the â€Å"producing class† by Socrates. However, Galucon argued that this city is the â€Å"city of pigs†, and this city is unreachable. Because there are only basic desi res in the city, once people’s basic desires are satisfied, they will have unnecessary desires, like luxurious surroundings, arts, rich food. So Socrates agreed that they would build up a luxurious city, which they will have merchant, actor, and poet. As a result, the city will become bigger, and it will lead to wars.Show MoreRelatedSocrates : Not Guilty1610 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates: Not Guilty Intro (138) In 399 BC, when he was seventy years old, Socrates was called into court by three men: Meletus, a poet, Anytus, a politician, and Lycon, an orator. The specific charges were impiety (namely that he did not believe in the gods of Athens, and instead had introduced new gods), and corruption of the youth of the city. The account of Socrates’ trial is preserved in the Apology by Plato, a dialogue that ought not to be considered a verbatim report of Socrates’ defenseRead MoreSocrates, Guilty Or Not Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesSocrates, Guilty Or Not Ancient Athens was the site of a growing culture. Philosophy was among the many improvements and discoveries being made. With these improvements and discoveries, great thinkers were able to stretch out their knowledge to new heights. The society they lived in, both welcomed and shunned their ideals. Socrates was one of these thinkers. It was because of Socrates open-mindedness that he was sentenced to death by two charges brought against him. One, Socrates corrupted theRead MoreSocrates Guilty as Charged1761 Words   |  8 PagesIn Plato’s Apology Socrates is being tried by Anytus and Meletus for two new charges: â€Å"corrupting the young, and not acknowledging the gods of the city acknowledges, but new daimonic activities instead† (Morgan 2005, 51). Throughout Plato’s Apology and Euthyphro Socrates uses complex rhetoric to challenge the charges brought against him based on his thoughts and understanding of what is right and wrong. He never once states he is n ot guilty nor does he provide reasons to support his innocence. HeRead MoreEssay Is Socrates Guilty As Charged?1134 Words   |  5 Pagesquot;Is Socrates Guilty As Charged?quot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In any case of law, when one is considering truth and justice, one must first look at the validity of the court and of the entity of authority itself. In Socrates case, the situation is no different. One may be said to be guilty or not of any said crime, but the true measure of guilt or innocence is only as valid as the court structure to which it is subject to. Therefore, in considering whether Socrates is guilty or notRead MoreIs Socrates Innocent or Guilty? Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesIs Socrates Innocent or Guilty? Living in a democracy, everyone is exposed through television and other various forms of media everyday to numerous trials by jury. Usually they are rarely given a second thought, but every once in a while along comes a specific trial which captures the attention of the entire country. This goes the same for trials throughout centuries in our past. Although they did not have the same forms of media as in this, modern era, there were still specific trials inRead MoreSocrates: Guilty or Innocent Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesIn Platos, The Apology of Socrates, Socrates was accused and on trial for two charges: that he had corrupted the youth of Athens with his teachings, and, that he advocated the worship of false gods. Socrates taught his students to question everything in a thirst for knowledge. Thus, many politicians were looked at as hypocrites. Because of this, many politicians feared Socrates and wanted Socrates away from Athens. Socrates tried to defend himself against the charges by addressing each accusationRead MoreEssay on Socrates Was NOT Guilty1667 Words   |  7 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Socrates, in his conviction from the Athenian jury, was both innocent and guilty as charged. In Plato’s Five Dialogues, accounts of events ranging from just prior to Socrates’ entry into the courthouse up until his mouthful of hemlock, both points are represented. Socrates’ in dealing with moral law was not guilty of the crimes he was accused of by Meletus. Socrates was only guilty as charged because his peers had concluded him as such. The laws didn’t find Socrates guilty; Socrates was guiltyRead More The Apology of Socrates: Guilty or Innocent? Essay928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Apology of Socrates: Guilty or Innocent?   Ã‚   In any case of law, when considering truth and justice, one must first look at the validity of the court and the system itself.   In Socrates case, the situation is no different.   One may be said to be guilty or innocent of any crime, but guilt or innocence is only as valid as the court it is subjected to.   Therefore, in considering whether Socrates is guilty or not, it must be kept in mind the norms and standards of Athens at that time, and theRead MoreSocrates: Guilty or Innocent of Charges? Essay2093 Words   |  9 PagesSocrates: Was He Guilty or Innocent of the Crimes He Was Charged With? Most of the information that we learn about Socrates comes from the work and writings of one of his students, Plato. It has been alleged that the great Philosopher wrote nothing down for others to read, and as such, the knowledge and the teachings from Socrates that is relied upon to convey his philosophy and the epic story of his life comes not from himself, but his students who attempt to provide and accurate pictureRead MoreThe Trial of Socrates1543 Words   |  7 PagesIn the trial of Socrates, I juror number 307, Ryan Callahan vote the defendant is Not Guilty on the first charge of Corrupting the youth. My justifications for this vote are as follows. Socrates didn t corrupt the youth, he just shared his ideas with them and they in turn chose the path to take these ideas. Part of understanding this case is understand the time in which the case was held. This time being 399 B.C., a time in which Athens was a free democratic city, a town which prided itself

Shelby Steele Affirmative Action Essay Example For Students

Shelby Steele Affirmative Action Essay The problem of discrimination has been around since the writing of theDeclaration of Independence in 1776. The U.S. Constitution said nothing ofequality; instead, it legitimized the institution of slavery. TheEmancipation Proclamation issued January 1, 1863, set slaves in the confederatestates free. The Thirteenth Amendment permanently abolished slavery. The formerconfederate states, not wanting to let go of their control over blacks,established the restrictive Black Codes. The Civil Rights Act of 1866proposed by Andrew Johnson was the first Civil Rights act ever written. The actwas turned down by congress. The act would have given all blacks the same rightsas whites. The issue of discrimination has been addressed in the court systemmany times. Beginning with the Dred Scott v. Sanford (1) case, in which theSupreme Court ruled, that blacks as subordinate and inferior beings, couldnot constitutionally be citizens of the United States. More recently, the Bakkecase gave a look at the wor kings of affirmative action. A white student wasdenied admission to U.C. Davis because the school had already met its quotas forwhite students. Affirmative action(2) is a term coined by President of theUnited States, Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965. In an executive order Johnson declaredthat federal contractors should take affirmative action, this was toguarantee that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated duringemployment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex, or nationalorigin. Executive Order #11246 would increase the number of minoritiesemployed by federal contractors. This order would become a major policy issuefor years after it was made. Many people view affirmative action as reversediscrimination, or as reparations made by the government to minorities for pastdiscrimination. It has been left up to the states own government to decidewhether or not affirmative action programs should be implemented. Most havedecided not to allow these programs. These st ates now have to figure out how tomake up for the unemployed minorities and loss of diversity in colleges. Thearguments against affirmative action have many aspects. A major complaint inmost arguments is the contradictions its policies support. Such as reversediscrimination. The policies have been constructed to give women and minoritiesequal opportunities in applying and being accepted in schools and jobs. Othersthink that women and minorities did not earn their positions, but given agift, from the affirmative action programs. Another view is that women andminorities can have their self-worth affected by these programs. They will feelthat special arrangements, need to be made because women and minoritiesare biologically inferior, to white males. Another point againstAffirmative action is that it is no longer needed. Affirmative action began tohelp women and minorities into the workforce, and higher education. It isconcluded that the process will continue on it is own with out the h elp of anyaffirmative action programs. Besides reverse discrimination, affirmative actionis claimed to be the cause of promoting, in many cases, the hiring of lessskilled workers and less qualified individuals being accepted into college. Proposals have been made to make up for the lack of minority enrollment inhigher education. One way to ensure minority representation would be to targethigh poverty schools. Texas legislature was seeking a way to preserve minorityaccess to college. The conclusion was that the top ten percent of students inevery high school are eligible for admission to the University of Texas. Inaddition, an increased use of test scores and grades as entrance standards foreveryone would help with the loss of diversity. Other proposals have been togive applications in different languages, to have jobs offered on campuses, andto have a list of all people that do not have jobs in the area. Affirmativeaction should be implemented for sheer promotion of diversity. Some of thegreatest intellectual interactions a student experiences, are with otherstudents in college. If those interactions are not diverse or culturallyenriching, then every person will have a narrow experience at college. Anotherreason affir mative action programs should be implemented is for the preventionof primarily white, dominated campuses. The affirmative action policiesshould be reinstated. Colleges and jobs should not look at race as the onlyfactor in accepting an applicant. That is true, they should look at leadershipqualities, experience, academics, and even athletics. To limit the hiring andadmission of incompetent workers and students, those other factors should belooked at. It is a good possibility that many women and minorities could behired just for the simple fact that they have more experience, and is betterqualified than a white male. People blame so many things on affirmativeaction. A white man did not get a job over a black or Hispanic man so he blamesit on the affirmative action programs. The black or Hispanic man may have beenbetter qualified for the job. Everyone deserves a chance to work and go toschool; affirmative action programs should not have to exist. There should be anequal chance for ever yone to get a job and go to school, until there is, therewill be affirmative action. .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 , .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 .postImageUrl , .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 , .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784:hover , .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784:visited , .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784:active { border:0!important; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784:active , .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784 .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u959250ae0ac10a0fc0ce478c22959784:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Metacognition EssayGovernment

Tuberculosis Essays (1405 words) - Tuberculosis,

Tuberculosis TUBERCULOSIS Forms of tuberculosis have been present in the human population since ancient times. Fragments of spinal columns from Egyptian mummies dating back to 2400 BC show definite pathological signs of tubercular decay. Around 460 BC Hippocrates wrote on the subject of a disease which we now know as tuberculosis. In his article he warned his colleagues against visiting cases in the late stages of the disease, because the patient's inevitable death might damage the reputations of the attending physicians. The world's population remained totally defenseless to the lethal effects of tuberculosis for thousands of years. Then, around the 17th century scientists began to hypothesize about the nature of the disease and began to search for a means to prevent it. In the Republic of Lucca in 1699, the government made the proclamation: Human health should no longer be endangered by objects remaining after the death of a consumptive. The names of the deceased should be reported to the authorities, and measures undertaken for disinfection. This meant that the corpse and any possessions of that person who had been consumed by tuberculosis would be burned to eliminate the risk of spreading the disease to others. This measure was one of the first steps towards the elimination of tuberculosis as an epidemic because the public was now beginning to recognize the contageousness of the disease and began taking measures to prevent it. In 1720, the English physician Benjamin Marten wrote that TB could be caused by wonderfully minute living creatures, which, once they had gained a foothold in the body, could generate the lesions and symptoms of the disease. He also stated, It may be therefore very likely that by a habitual lying in the same bed with a consumptive patient, constantly eating and drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly as to draw in part of the breath he emits from the Lungs, a consumption may be caught by a sound person...I imagine that slightly conversing with consumptive patients is seldom or never sufficient to catch the disease. Dr. Marten's insight proved to be another enormous step towards the understanding and prevention of tuberculosis. In the 19th century Hermann Brehmer, a Silesian botany student whom was suffering from tuberculosis, was instructed by his physician to move to a healthier climate. Brehmer traveled to the Himalayan mountains mainly to pursue his botanical studies. What he didn't know at the time was that this journey would be attributed to curing his disease. When Brehmer returned home he began to study medicine. In 1854, he wrote his dissertation titled, ?Tuberculosis is a Curable Disease.? He hypothesized that his recovery was directly related to the healthier environment found in the Himalayan mountains. Brehmer built an institution in Gorbersdorf where his patients received a nutritious diet and spent great amounts of time on their balconies where they were exposed to continuous fresh air. This clinic was the first step towards the development of a sanatorium. Sanatoria, could now be found throughout Europe and the United States. A sanatorium provided two functions. They isolated the ill from th e rest of the public while enforcing rest and a healthy diet. Tuberculosis is caused by an organism called Mycobacterium tuberculosis or tubercle bacilli. When a person with the infectious tuberculosis disease coughs or sneezes, droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli can be expelled into the air causing the other people that inhale the air containing these droplet nuclei to become infected. The tuberculosis infection begins when the tubercle bacilli multiply in the small air sacs of the lungs. A small number enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, but the body's immune system usually keeps the bacilli under control. Some patients who have the TB infection develop the TB disease when their immune system cannot keep the tubercle bacilli under control and the bacilli begin to multiply rapidly. This can happen very soon after infection or many years after infection. About 10% of people who have the TB infection will develop the TB disease at some point, but the risk is greatest in the first year or two after infection. The tuberculosis disease usually occurs in the lungs (pulmonary TB), but can also occur in other places of the body (extrapulmonary TB). Miliary TB occurs when tubercle bacilli enter the